Italy had confirmed the Triple Alliance on December 7, 1912, but could now propound formal arguments for disregarding it: first, Italy was not obliged to support its allies in a war of aggression; second, the original treaty of 1882 had stated expressly that the alliance was not against England. [93], Military tactics developed before World War I failed to keep pace with advances in technology and had become obsolete. [15][16] In response, Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia on 23 July. It will go on for a long time but lost it is already. 25–31% of Russian losses (as a proportion of those captured, wounded, or killed) were to prisoner status; for Austria-Hungary 32%, for Italy 26%, for France 12%, for Germany 9%; for Britain 7%. [228] German Emperor Wilhelm II in his telegram to Bulgarian Tsar Ferdinand I described situation: "Disgraceful! [166][167] Russia's less developed industrial base and ineffective military leadership were instrumental in the events that unfolded. The offensive also triggered the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. British War Secretary Lord Kitchener appointed General Ian Hamilton as commander of British forces for the operation; under his command, troops from Australia, New Zealand and the French colonies assembled with British forces on the Greek island of Lemnos. [142], Further to the west, the Suez Canal was defended from Ottoman attacks in 1915 and 1916; in August, a German and Ottoman force was defeated at the Battle of Romani by the ANZAC Mounted Division and the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division. They were slaughtered in stupid battles planned by stupid generals. Gross domestic product (GDP) increased for three Allies (Britain, Italy, and the United States), but decreased in France and Russia, in neutral Netherlands, and in the three main Central Powers. With German reinforcements and new American troops pouring in, the outcome was to be decided on the Western Front. This triumph paved the way to other triumphs: improvements in transport, in sanitation, in surgery, medicine, and psychiatry, in commerce and industry, and, above all, in preparations for the next war. The Yugoslav Committee, led by Trumbić, was formed in Paris on 30 April 1915 but shortly moved its office to London. Lloyd George's War Cabinet considered the German offer to be a ploy to create divisions amongst the Allies. The Kaiserliche Marine's High Seas Fleet, commanded by Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer, fought the Royal Navy's Grand Fleet, led by Admiral Sir John Jellicoe. To shoot down enemy planes, anti-aircraft guns and fighter aircraft were developed. The Germans employed the Haber process of nitrogen fixation to provide their forces with a constant supply of gunpowder despite the British naval blockade. In May 1915, Britain's First Sea Lord Admiral John Fisher resigned dramatically over the mishandling of the Gallipoli invasion by First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill. A survivor said: "We were driven along like beasts; to drop out was to die. The resulting counter-attack, which started the Hundred Days Offensive, marked the first successful Allied offensive of the war. World War I began after the assassination of Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand by South Slav nationalist Gavrilo Princip on June 28, 1914. [297] According to various sources,[298] several hundred thousand Greeks died during this period, which was tied in with the Greek Genocide.[299]. Meanwhile, unrest grew in Russia as the Tsar remained at the front. With Allied casualties in the Gallipoli Campaign mounting, Hamilton (with Churchill’s support) petitioned Kitchener for 95,000 reinforcements; the war secretary offered barely a quarter of that number. In the late spring of 1918, three new states were formed in the South Caucasus: the First Republic of Armenia, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, and the Democratic Republic of Georgia, which declared their independence from the Russian Empire. In 1918 the Germans smashed through the defence lines in three great attacks: Michael, on the Lys, and on the Aisne, which displayed the power of their new tactics. The battle began in the afternoon of May 31, 1916, with gunfire between the German and British scouting forces. 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