The problem you'll attempt to solve while doing this science fair project is whether the pH of the water with which plants are sprinkled affects the rate of growth. These Women's History Month activities for middle school will help your students learn how to celebrate Women's History Women's History Month Gender Wage Gap Mini-Project. First, prepare a pot with soil and fertilizer and then place the bean seeds 4 to 5 inches apart from each other about 1 inch deep. On cadmium contaminated soil (Cd), plants with treatments 5, 6, 7 and 8 received root treatments with distilled water (DW), 5 mg/L of CaONPs, and 10 mg/L and 20 mg/L CaONPs were used as the experiments positive controls. Some are much more susceptible to heat or cold than others. It's important to weed the garden bed regularly since mung beans do not compete well for water or nutrients. 0000005121 00000 n They are also known as green gram or moong, or maash is widely used in Southeast Asian households. As negative controls (NC) for the experiment, plants with treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 were grown on soil without Cd salt and given root treatments with distilled water (DW) as control, 5 mg/L of CaONPs, 10 mg/L of CaONPs and 20 mg/L of CaONPs, respectively. Both Cd+2 and Ca+2 compete for cation exchange sites available on clay minerals and soil organic matter. Following that, leaves were wiped for surface water and weighed for turgid weights. It's just pure water. The trial was conducted for 75 days in accordance with Khan et al., [14]. Most authorities recommend that Alaskan pea seeds are to be planted between an inch to an inch and a half deep, which is approximately 5 centimeters., This science fair project was performed to find out the effect on plant growth of adding caffeine to the soil. If there are more positive ions in the water, the water is more acidic. Masking tape to . Ni 50 M treatment inhibited root and coleoptile length with significant . Harvest them when more than half of the seed pods are mature. Make sure to note the height of each plant within the seven cups-21 plants in all-each time you measure. Seeds germinate in 4 to 10 days in a pot, which contains the right mix of soil and fertilizer. These experiments provide the student's opportunity to learn by understanding and seeing the results instead of cramming. If there are more negative ions in the water, the liquid is more basic. Our theory was that as we added water, the plant would grow based on the amount of water added. Add pH Up or pH Down to the other bottles so that one bottle has a pH level of 1, one has a pH level of 3, one has a pH level of 5, one has a pH level of 7, one has a pH level of 9, one has a pH level of 11, one has a pH level of 13. The ionic radius of calcium is 9.9x10-2 nm and that of cadmium is 9.7x10-2 nm. Kids find out in this science fair project idea. One even grew a bean pod with beans in it. Use a cup or jar to hold your cotton balls, then add beans, water, and sunlight to make your beans sprout. However, coffee also contains other ingredients like potassium and phosphorous, which are known to enhance plant growth. Thank you for sharing at Sharing Saturday! It's not unusual for scientific areas, or disciplines, to cross over in the course of a project or experiments. Now ask the students to put different types of green beans inside the bag within each column, including Pole beans, Yardlong beans, and Runner beans. R4Lie(My+-&3t}m(QSk%l 0000007408 00000 n Dry the seeds on newspaper. 0000055901 00000 n How to Care for Stone Lotus Flower Plant? Cd toxicity increases the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS). It's extremely important that each cup is watered from the same bottle each time, and not from any other bottle. Methods/Materials My experiment was done in 2 groups, temperature and pH. First, put the mung beans in a plastic bag with a paper towel, add ten drops of By: Stella and Eleni water with a dropper. Our study found a general decreasing germination rate with increasing salinity concentrations, which can be associated with ethylene production and osmotic stress. Are earthworms and plant growth related? Use this chart to record the average height of the plants in each cup. If you decide to create an account with us in the future, you will need to enable cookies before doing so. They are one of the fastest-growing beans, which makes it even better for growing in a classroom. With the help of certified and current classroom teachers, TeacherVision creates and vets classroom resources that are accurate, timely, and reflect what teachers need to best support their students. If you want to try your hand at growing mung beans, plant them at any time after the end of May through mid-June. They each need to have the same amount of light, heat, and so forth. Mung beans are a warm-season (summer) crop. They will be mature and ready to harvest about 100 days after planting. The weight of thousand seeds was also recorded. Hunker may earn compensation through affiliate links in this story. First of all, ask them to wet a paper towel. Some plants prefer acidic conditions. Department of Botany, Mirpur University of Science & Technology (MUST), Mirpur, (AJK), Pakistan, Roles Use this chart to record the height, in centimeters, of each plant in each of the seven cups. It was hypothesized that the beans and peas that were put in the warm room would germinate fastest. {With Pictures}. Prior to sowing seed, prepare the bed. from the Laboratory of Photodynamic Inactivation of Microorganisms, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr34, Salzburg, Austria have published the paper: Towards Microbial Food Safety of Sprouts: Photodynamic Decontamination of Seeds, in the Journal: Photonics 2023, 239 of /2023/ what: The . j8 After the fallow period mung bean seedlings were planted into the pots. A total of 16 treatments were used indicated by number in red fonts. Cadmium chloride 150 M salt was mixed to the soil within the pots except the pots with negative control for the purpose of Cd stress after three weeks of seed germination in the pots. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. The purpose of this lab was to find if there is a relationship between salt concentration and the percent of seed germination ; also to find at what salt concentration will the mung beans stop germinating. Pinto beans are one of the most widely consumed staple foods in Northern Mexico and the US. The easiest way to grow mung bean sprouts is to treat them like microgreens. We love this activity. 0000001948 00000 n endstream endobj 994 0 obj<>/Outlines 49 0 R/Metadata 98 0 R/PieceInfo<>>>/Pages 97 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/OCProperties<>/StructTreeRoot 100 0 R/Type/Catalog/LastModified(D:20060510121803)/PageLabels 95 0 R>> endobj 995 0 obj<>/PageElement<>>>/Name(HeaderFooter)/Type/OCG>> endobj 996 0 obj<>/ColorSpace<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC/ImageI]/Properties<>/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 997 0 obj<> endobj 998 0 obj<> endobj 999 0 obj<> endobj 1000 0 obj[/ICCBased 1022 0 R] endobj 1001 0 obj[/Indexed 1000 0 R 144 1033 0 R] endobj 1002 0 obj[/Indexed 1000 0 R 252 1035 0 R] endobj 1003 0 obj[/Indexed 1000 0 R 255 1023 0 R] endobj 1004 0 obj<> endobj 1005 0 obj<> endobj 1006 0 obj<> endobj 1007 0 obj<> endobj 1008 0 obj<>stream pH test strips or test kit. The increasing concentration of CaONPs increasingly affected the height and number of branches. Or latest free growing e-books from our latest works. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Use this chart to record the amount of water given to each cup on a particular date. Introduction. Retail cost is about $3.50 a bottle. e0282531. Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain, Affiliation When an atom loses electrons, it forms a positive ion. 0000063767 00000 n (D) . It's very important that the cups containing the bean seeds are all kept in the same conditions. Furthermore, a negative but significant correlation was observed between the cadmium levels and yield trends of mung bean plants. The error bars signify the standard deviation of the four different groups., Stems grown under dim light showed significant growth compared to stems grown under full fluorescent light. All 25 of the peas in the cold room, in reps one and two finally germinated in week two. Department of Science, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, Affiliation Copyright: 2023 Mazhar et al. The amount of water given to the plants in each cup should be the same. 0000088423 00000 n If there are more negative ions in the water, the liquid is more basic. This science fair project idea researches the effects of acid rain on plant growth. These beneficial microbes release proteins into the soil which are potentially ameliorating in cadmium-stressed soils. The whole experiment revolves around the effect that the quantity of water has, If coconut oil is added to mung beans then they will grow more, vitamins and essential fatty acids naturally. If the time is short, then Soybeans are the best variety to explain germination in a classroom. as the title for your project. They can grow to 24 inches tall, and they produce clusters of slender, fuzzy pods that are 3 to 4 inches long, each having 10 to 15 seeds inside. After the leaves had been heated in an oven for 48 hours at 70C, their dry weights were measured. The yield and production of mung beans have decreased worldwide due to heavy metal accumulation. 0000001747 00000 n No, Is the Subject Area "Nanoparticles" applicable to this article? The seeds germinate within 48 hours, and the radicle emerges from the seed. CA-OX-02-NP). A total of 48 pots were the part of the experimental setup. The decline in the performance of these gas exchange parameters was effectively mitigated by synergistic doses of FM and CaONPs as shown in Fig 4C and 4D. Present it in a video presentation or photo documentation on the illustration table below. 0000063571 00000 n This research project that entails a laboratory experiment that subjects dormant mung bean seeds to variant germinating conditions where the principal variant factor is the pH factor is considered important as it may disclose important facts about the food crop that may later be used by farmers for improving yields. TeacherVisionis part of the Sandbox Learning family of educational and reference sites for parents, teachers and students. They grow to be approximately 3 feet tall, and its pods produce 5-8 seeds. medium with less light had no germination occurred. Copyright 2022 Science Sparks - Wild Sparks Enterprises Ltd. Caffeine can be introduced to the soil by sprinkling grounded coffee over the soil, adding leftover coffee to the pot or watering with a caffeine solution made by dissolving a caffeine tablet in water. xb```b``AX,]$uwh_|?,|pp F FK2E^$0c $A>kXoHi::P!vA\@5@]J Eyr * 08t@VM ;,- MK ^GbC MR\bEBb@ c1 Z@6]{l-X5o1`? The Fig 7 describes a clustered heat map that represents the effect of Cd stress on mung bean plants and the impact of treatments with FM and CaONPs. For this experiment, we set out to find if density and time had an effect on growth of mung bean plants. You might want to transfer water from the two-liter bottle to the cup with a tablespoon, allowing you to exactly measure how much each pot will get. In the present research, observations were recorded on important antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT) and phenylalanine ammonium lyase (PAL). They were developed in 1881 by Thomas Laxton. Some plants seem to benefit and grow faster when caffeine is added to the soil, while others seem to become stunted or grow slower. In the experiment described below, you'll use distilled water as your control, and water with varying pH levels as your variables. Beans are perfect for growing indoors, and one can see them sprout from a seedling giving the children all the amusement and excitement they need. When the wavelength of visible light changes, so does the color seen by the eye. Using grounded coffee in garden lawns is a common practice to make plants grow faster. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. According to the information we collected, the amount of concentration with the fastest speed and greatest height of growth was the 0% with plain tap water (control group). Knowing this, we aimed to determine how the salinity concentration present in the growth medium would affect the germination rate of mung beans. Present developments in agriculture and industry have increased concentrations of Cd in the croplands. It is noteworthy that root treatment with various levels of CaONPs and soil amendment with FM effectively moderated the cadmium stress and improved the growth and yield performance of the plant. One thing about this experiment is that it's going to take some advance planning and a significant amount of time. Plants with treatments 9, 10, 11 and 12 received root treatments with distilled water (DW), 5 mg/L of CaONPs, 10 mg/L of CaONPs, and 20 mg/L of CaONPs, respectively on Cd contaminated soil that had been supplemented with 1% FM (Cd+1% FM). . Through improved growth, physiochemical, and genetic methods, additional work may be done to comprehend the specific pathways of Ca-induced Cd stress alleviation. Dry mung bean (Vigna radiata) seeds were purchased from Lulin market in Ningbo, China. You know that plants need certain things to help them grow. XLSTAT version 2014 was used to construct the Pearson correlation matrix, heat map, and principal component analysis (Addinsoft, Paris France) [25]. Investigation, The catalase (CAT) activity was checked using the Chance and Maehly [18] procedure. The combined application of CaONPs and FM increased the antioxidant defence of mung bean plants as the treatments synergistically improved the functioning of these enzymes. Plant out the seeds that have shown signs of germination the same day, so Read More How Do You Grow Mung Beans Experiment? Copyright 2023 Education.com, Inc, a division of IXL Learning All Rights Reserved. Not only academic but creative forte is established through these activities. PAL is a key enzyme in dealing with environmental stressors in plants [37]. 8. Calcium nutrient is not only a nutrient rather it is an important signalling molecule. Use the information contained on your data charts to make some graphs, plotting the growth of each plant. Ask them to check on the beans every day to see sprouting and then harvest their efforts after about 60 days. Best Fertilizer: The Effects of Fertilizer on Plant Growth. PAL activity depends on its expression from the several PAL encoding genes in plants. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click The data did not match our expected data, because the Miracle Gro had some way prevented the imbibition of the seed which is why the 3.75% and 5% died. This work will provide future directions to figure out the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the mitigation of heavy metals in various plants as there is a paucity of knowledge regarding the mechanisms involved in the amelioration of cadmium toxicity. Yes the third important legumes crop in Indonesia after soybeans and peanuts. Prior to start of each treatment; the leaf fresh samples were weighed. Did you know you can grow a bean in a jar with just a little water? Record the average heights in a table, as shown below. Learn about the effect of artificial light on plant growth versus natural sunlight and delve into some biology and botany concepts in this science project. Model 7JO-8024, Tokyo, Japan). The application of calcium nanoparticles and FM improved the contents of these vitamins. Bean seeds: lima beans, pinto beans, lentil beans, or mung beans work well* . Results showed that filtered water was best for plant growth with bottled water coming second, while distilled; tap and flavoured water were not the most successful., Research Question: What is the effect of calcium in different concentrations on lima bean growth?, Figure 1: This graph represents the mean (average) height (in centimeters) of the four groups of corn plants. CaONPs improved the leaf net photosynthetic rate (Fig 4B) by improving the total chlorophyll contents. You also can purchase these supplies from your local pet supply store, hobby shop, or from online sources. The studied yield attributes included the number of pods per plant (Fig 5A), pods weight (Fig 5B), the number of seeds per pod (Fig 5C), and thousand seeds weights (Fig 5D). 0000005656 00000 n Your email address will not be published. The height and number of branches of the mung bean plants were significantly reduced upon imposition of cadmium toxicity. 4. Shoot vitamin (Vitamin C and E) contents of mung bean plants declined upon imposition of cadmium stress. Science Sparks ( Wild Sparks Enterprises Ltd ) are not liable for the actions of activity of any person who uses the information in this resource or in any of the suggested further resources. To Grow or Not to Grow: Acidic vs. Alkaline Soil for Bean Plants, Holly, pine, fir, spruce, birch, oak, magnolia, willow, and flowering crabapple trees, Cranberry, strawberry and blueberry plants. o[U 5r2@)68]S> Mung beans like fertile, sandy, loam soil with excellent drainage and a pH of 6.2 to 7.2. A t-test determined that the data of growth in petite plants were statistically significant (t-test p-value = 0.00452), so competition affected the plants growth. The estimation was done between 9:00 and 12:00 in the morning. Under heavy metal stress, it can modulate a wide range of essential biological functions, including growth, physiology, and metabolic activities. In an Escape Room Activity, students work together to solve clues and puzzles, moving from activity to activity in searc Womens History Month Choice Board for Middle School. The seeds were washed with tap water and then randomly divided into two groups, experimental and control. Another potential reason for the improved behaviour of mung bean plants in terms of plant water relations may be greater translocation of shoot minerals, such as calcium uptake. The FM improved soil nutrient contents and friendly biota culminating in good yields. To make a yield profile, observations on number of pods per plant, pod weights, seed count per pod and thousand seeds weight were recorded [15]. Do write down how many drops of either pH Up or pH Down you need to add to each two liter bottle. Divide the children into two groups. They need between three and four months of frost-free conditions from planting to harvest. Overall, 2% FM and 20 mg/L CaONPs proved as the best treatment to reduce cadmium toxicity. Mung beans are one of the two most popular types of legumes used to grow sprouts, but that's just one of its many uses. (2023) Synergistic application of calcium oxide nanoparticles and farmyard manure induces cadmium tolerance in mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) by influencing physiological and biochemical parameters. Yes In the cold room for the second week none of the beans had germinated. He got his start helping friends and clients get their websites off the ground, and he continues to do so today. Mung bean (Vigna radiata (l.) Wilczek) is . The following equation was used to investigate leaf relative water content: The data was analyzed using two-way analysis of variance research; first the data was recorded on a Microsoft Excel sheet using Co-STAT version 6.3 (developed by Cohort Software Berkley, CA, USA). The initial weight for A was 30.4 grams, the eight for B was 20.4 grams, and C was 31.6 grams. You'll also control all other factors, such . Put the seeds wrapped in the towel in a transparent ziplock bag. They need some kind of growing medium, usually dirt. The sprouts are ready for use when they are about 1 inch long. Saran wrap; Tin foil; Water to wet towels. The sunlight gives the plant food that will make it increase in size. Cups should be about 16 ounces to allow room for bean plants to grow. The adult involved is fully responsible for ensuring that the activities are carried out safely. About 2% FM and 20 mg/L CaONPs treatment increased ascorbic acid contents by 33% and tocopherol contents by 54% and proved the best treatment in increasing shoot vitamin contents (Fig 4E and 4F). Then send your curated collection to your children, or put together your own custom lesson plan. The growth, yield, and crop performance in terms of physiological and biochemical attributes can be improved by the application of CaONPs and FM under the heavy metal stress. Prepare the caffeine solution by dissolving 10g of caffeine tablets in 100ml of water in a beaker. We call these acid-loving plants. The second week the remaining 7 peas for rep one in the warm room had germinated and the remaining 10 peas from rep two in the warm room had germinated. The relative expression of VrDFR and VrANS in the indicated mung bean hairy roots. 0000004209 00000 n In the next 7 to 10 days, small cotyledons appear, which appear as leaves. %PDF-1.4 % Acid-loving plants include the following: Other plants, however, such as the ones listed here, prefer alkaline soil: Gardeners often help plants along by making the soil in which they grow either more acidic or more alkaline. I love the lessons where they get to see the roots that would be underground. We enable strictly necessary cookies to give you the best possible experience on Education.com. Similarly, the seed pod production was higher in the single-plant treatment than the three-plant treatment (Figure 2), further supporting the hypothesis. 0000004755 00000 n The process of photosynthesis is when a plant absorbs sunlight, turns it into food, and uses the food as energy. I know it has something to do with light. In case of CAT, a least significant difference of 6.477 and in case of PAL the least significant difference of 7.598 was observed among the negative control, positive control, Cd+1% FM group and Cd+2% FM groups (Fig 3C and 3D). Using a metric ruler, measure the plants and record your observations every four days. Does The Color of Light Affect Plant Growth? Now to get some beans x. Last Updated on March 19, 2021 by Emma Vanstone. Water seeds need water for germination to occur. Soil supplementation with Ca and FM improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes and shoot vitamin contents of mung bean plants which is crucial to induction of tolerance against abiotic stress. 0000006264 00000 n Additionally, the decomposition of FM in the soil releases organic acids essential to proper growth and homeostasis [14]. Based on the findings of this experiment, the 150 M Cd stress which inhibited growth and germination of mung bean by 50% was chosen for the current work. The reading was obtained using a spectrophotometer (Shimadzu-1900 UV spectrophotometer) at 520 nm. The 1.25% and 2.5% both grew 2 cm and began sprouting a stalk. Leave on a plate for 24 hours until you see the tiny roots starting to poke out, as a sign of germinating. Mung requires less water and is cultivated in arid zones worldwide. In all cases, the most effective way of pollution reduction was the application of 2% FM as a soil amendment and 20 mg/L CaONPs as root treatment (Table 4). Although only mung beans were tested, results can be applied to many other dried legumes and seeds, allowing us to test more advanced hypotheses in the future. Farmyard manure (FM) is a soil organic amendment that provides the soils with major nutrients such as Ca, S, N, K, P and Mg. FM is an excellent source of some micronutrients such as Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn [10]. 0000007814 00000 n Liquids get their pH level as a result of molecules that split apart to form positive and negative ions. Yes Higher levels of soil rhizosphere Cd result in poor stomatal conductance, reduction in net photosynthesis, and reduced transpiration in the mung bean plants. Calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaONPs) are being utilized nowadays in agricultural research with promising results. Good beans and legumes for sprouting include lentils, chickpeas, white beans, black beans, mung beans, soybeans and adzuki. If there are more positive ions in the water, the water is more acidic. The pH scale starts at zero and ends at 14. In the United States, the beans are grown in the Southwest, where millions of pounds of beans are produced, largely in Oklahoma and Texas. 0000015166 00000 n To find the ideal Cd levels, a preliminary experiment was run using various concentrations of cadmium chloride (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 M). The putrescine modulates the growth and biomass of mung bean plants. Mung Bean Production Costs, Available from http://www.rain.org/greennet/docs/exoticveggies/html/mungbeans.htm [Accessed on the 13th of February, 2012]., Alaskan peas have the shortest growing season of all pea types. Conceptualization, Second, drop the coconut oil on the mung beans inside the plastic bag. The goal of this science fair project is to investigate the effect of irradiation on the germination and growth of vegetables, such as the tomato plant. 0000063338 00000 n Another idea is to dissect a plant or try one of our other fun plant science experiments for kids. Spray some water on the bean every few days. Once a seedling has used all the nutrients from the seed it then needs to take nutrients from the soil. Spanish-English dictionary, translator, and learning. You'll also control all other factors, such as how much water and light each plant gets. Activities of antioxidant enzymes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and catalase (CAT) were assayed and the data has been presented in Fig 3C and 3D. Wiggly worms are known for staying buried in the soil, but how does that affect plants? Each treatment consisted of 100 g of mung bean seeds, and the experiment was done in triplicate. Sprinkle them with water three times a day and watch them grow. S Cd: Shoot cadmium contents; R Cd: Root cadmium contents; PH: Plant height; NOB/P: Number of branches per plant; MDA: malondialdehyde contents; H2O2: Hydrogen peroxide levels; CAT: Catalase functioning; PAL: Phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity; AA: Ascorbic acid; TP: Total Tocopherol contents; NOP/P: Number of pods per plant; PW: Pod weight; NS/P: number of seeds per pod; 1000 SW: Thousand seeds weight; TC: Total Chlorophyll contents. WHAT DO PLANTS NEED IN ORDER TO SURVIVE? The change in mass is validated in the tables below., The purpose of this lab was to determine which concentration of Miracle Gro was ideal for the germination of seeds. You should have 50 strips to make sure you have enough for the experiment. To make treatment concentration of 5, 10 and 20 mg/L, the CaO nano-powder was weighed at 5, 10 and 20 mg and was dissolved into a litre of water. The application of FM further enhanced tolerance to Cd toxicity. Plants, particularly crops have been facing many biotic and abiotic stresses in the environment. PLoS ONE 18(3): It will also attract worms that feed on the grounded coffee and at the same time help to aerate the soil. The majority of inorganic contaminants in soils do not degrade chemically or microbiologically and their concentration remains in the soil for a very long time after application. length across Experiments 1, 2 and 3 Factor df Germination Shoot DW Root DW Total DW Root length Petri dish bioassay (Expriment 1) . We watered plant A everyday, watered plant B every other day, and plant C every 2 days. Why is the one kept in the dark white? AGEHc4SU-1|cZq g2 Cx2piU]@:cz850XqG `:+ce(jH ' In this experiment, members performed the same experiment with the same measurements. It is clear that two factors F1 and F2 contributed 78.94% and 7.76% in defining the variance. You can see here that the plant grown in the dark is a slightly less green than the one grown in the light. The data presented in the Fig 5 shows that yield of mung beans declines under cadmium stress. The same treatment improved shoot vitamin C (ascorbic acid) contents by 35% and functioning of antioxidant enzymes catalase and phenyl ammonia lyase by 16% and 51%, respectively and the levels of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide decreased by 57% and 42%, respectively with the application of 20 mg/L CaONPs and 2% of FM. Net photosynthesis, stomata conductance and total chlorophyll contents improved and Cd toxicity was moderated. In the legends 0, 5, 10, and 20 mg/L are root treatment doses of calcium oxide nanoparticles. Due to its high mobility in polluted soils, Cd is highly toxic to the plants and environment [3]. Love it. Students will determine the effect of caffeine on heart rate in this fun science fair project. Germination time is 7 to 14 days. Cotyledon masses of plants grown in full light nearly doubled cotyledons grown in a dimly lit area.
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