Miss Sukran Mihlar, 17, student This defective closing of the door resulted from a combination of various factors: Finally although there was apparent redundancy of the flight control systems, the fact that the pressure relief vents between the cargo compartment and the passenger cabin were inadequate and that all the flight control cables were routed beneath the floor placed the aircraft in grave danger in the case of any sudden depressurization causing substantial damage to that part of the structure. When he tried to pitch up, the elevators barely moved, and intense pressure on the control column was needed just to prevent the plane from going into a dive. Flight 981 remained the deadliest accident resulting from hull loss involving a single aircraft, until 12 August 1985, when 520 were killed in the crash of Japan Airlines Flight 123,[13] and the deadliest aviation accident with no survivors until the Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision of 12 November 1996 which killed 349 people. As the National Transportation Safety Board began its investigation, their first priority was to examine the cargo door to understand why it had come open. All systems intended to ensure that the door was properly closed had now been overcome, and American Airlines flight 96 took to the air without anyone realizing that its rear cargo door had become a ticking time bomb. Meanwhile, back in 1972, engineers at the Convair division of General Dynamics, which Douglas had contracted to manufacture the fuselage and doors according to its specifications, began to express concern about the design of the aircrafts floor. Weve hit something! Flight Engineer Burke exclaimed. of 1 To verify this Passenger list, you can visit the website aerosteles which provides a detail of the monument. This makes it particularly important that the locking mechanisms be secure. The altimeter showed them climbing through 11,750 feet. Mr. Mose Uziyel, 24, married, one child, chemical engineer and his wife Rasel, 24, and their daughter Liat, 9 months Miss Nancy Beth Kalinsky, 22, student Mr. Engin Koray, 24, student Visit r/admiralcloudberg to read and discuss over 200 similar articles. Ms. Sheelagh (Cave) Hurble, 45, divorced, four children Mr. George Thomas Rogers, 63, married, two children, retired company secretary Mr. Paul Anthony Hiilman, 25, real estate agency director The passenger doors on the DC-10 are plug doors, designed to prevent their opening while the aircraft is pressurised. The loss of control of these key components meant that the pilots lost control of the aircraft entirely. The plane that crashed as Flight 981, TC-JAV, or "Ship 29", had been ordered from McDonnell-Douglas three months after the service bulletin was issued, and was delivered to Turkish Airlines another three months after that. Mahmoudi had been told that this was the responsibility of the Turkish Airlines ground engineer who was permanently stationed at Orly Airport. The eight flight attendants, certain that they would have little to do, sat chatting in the cabin; the pilots, having placed their plane into a steady climb, admired a Boeing 747 overtaking them in the near distance. In keeping with its overall design philosophy, Lockheed devised an ingenious system that turned the rear cargo door into a semi-plug door. Mr. Anthony Price, 39, businessman Four days after the crash of Turkish Airlines flight 981, the FAA issued a series of Airworthiness Directives mandating a redesign of the cargo door and the installation of vents in the floors of all large jets to relieve a pressure spike. Blog at WordPress.com.Ben Eastaugh and Chris Sternal-Johnson. Mr. Thomas William Addis, 71, widower, four children, retired driver The investigation sparked blame on Turkish Airlines and Douglas itself since both were at fault for different parts of the crisis. A dense, white fog filled the plane as water vapor instantly condensed out of the air. [2] The aircraft's original pitch angle was negative 20 degrees, resulting in the aircraft accumulating a massive amount of airspeed during its quick descent. But these were the medium range model of the DC-10, which was rather unpopular, and finding a buyer was easier said than done. This force would have been indistinguishable from that required during normal door operation. Mr. Roberto Antonio Campanella dos Santos, 22, student, Mr. Pedra Pernias, 52, married, two children, writer and his wife Ilda Lina Elisa, At 11:02 that morning, Turkish Airlines flight 981, a regular DC-10 service from Istanbul to London via Paris, arrived at Orly Airport with a load of 167 passengers. Mr. Makoto Kameyama, 22, trading company management trainee The overspeed warning began to blare as the plane accelerated through 362 knots. The fully intact bodies of the six passengers who were ejected from the aircraft were found along with the plane's rear hatch, all having landed in a turnip field near Saint-Pathus, approximately 15 kilometres (9.3 miles) south of where the remainder of the plane would crash. Mr. Gregory Robert Anthony Rynsard, 18, student The new management was able to speed up production and get the orders finished on time, but that was only half the battle. Turkish Airlines Flight 981. When the cargo door blew out, the additional seats and passengers were ejected from the plane. Together, the pilots ran through what was working and what wasnt. While the ORY-LHR leg usually did not attract many passengers, an ongoing strike by British European meant the economy cabin was full on this fateful flight. Mr. Elfryn Lloyd, 46, married, five children, aeronautical designer When Mahmoudi learned that there was no more baggage to come, he closed the cargo door of the plane. J. Mr. Michael George Beckwith, 28, married, one child, doctor and his wife Fatricia Ann, 30, teacher An outward-opening hatch, however, relies entirely upon its latch to prevent it from opening in flight. Mr. Peter Frederick Warnett, 36, married, one child, technical services representative Mr. Robert Anthony Breton, 33, married, three children, accountant (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
. Upon exiting the plane, the cause of all their difficulties was plainly apparent: the rear cargo door had somehow opened in flight. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union, Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of notable decompression accidents and incidents, List of airliner crashes involving loss of control, Accident to Turkish Airlines DC-10 TC-JAV in the Ermenonville Forest on 3 March 1974 Final Report, ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747SR-46 JA8119 Ueno, Pre-crash photo at Hamburg Airport taken from Airliners.net courtesy of M. Maibrink, Bureau d'Enqutes et d'Analyses pour la Scurit de l'Aviation Civile, https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Turkish_Airlines_Flight_981&oldid=336593, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015, Articles needing additional references from July 2014, Articles needing additional references from February 2011, Articles with French-language external links, Airliner accidents and incidents caused by design or manufacturing errors, Airliner accidents and incidents caused by in-flight structural failure, Airliner accidents and incidents involving in-flight depressurization, Aviation accidents and incidents in France, Accidents and incidents involving the McDonnell Douglas DC-10, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, About Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, Aircraft design flaw, cargo door failure leading to. [10], Lloyd's of London insurance syndicate, which covered Douglas Aircraft, retained Failure Analysis Associates (now Exponent, Inc.) to investigate the accident as well. It was proven by tests that the door subsequently yielded to about 15psi (100kPa) of pressure, in contrast to the 300psi (2,100kPa) that it had been designed to withstand.[11]. Fifty Paris-bound passengers disembarked, and baggage handlers opened the rear cargo door to remove their luggage. These had been his last words. His serious reservations about the integrity of the DC-10's cargo latching mechanism are a classic case in engineering ethics. Of the 346 passengers and crew on board, only 40 bodies were visually identifiable with rescue teams recovering some 20,000 body fragments in all. When the pilots extended the landing gear and flaps, the extra drag caused their rate of descent to escalate to 1,800 feet per minute, twice the desired value, which forced Captain McCormick to increase engine power. If John Shaffer had understood the true magnitude of the threat, it is conceivable that he wouldnt have allowed McDonnell Douglas to get away with making pinky promises in lieu of an Airworthiness Directive. Mr. Ikuo Itoh, 23, businessman En 1974, les familles endeuilles se recueillent dans lhorreur absolue du site dvast. Mr. David Lewis Cowell, 36, married, one child, farm products representative Mrs. Hedwig Morley, 65, widow, one child To stay competitive they needed something new, and in late 1967 American Airlines offered just what they were looking for. But the change was voluntary, and airlines were slow to adopt it; by the time of the flight 96 incident, American Airlines had yet to fit the new wire to its DC-10 cargo doors. B. Any faster and the plane could break apart in midair. Turkish Airlines Flight 981 was a scheduled flight from Istanbul Yesilky Airport to London Heathrow Airport, with an intermediate stop at Orly Airport in Paris. Mrs. Anna Philomena Middleton, 47, married, personnel director Lannier assumed it was a small plane from the local gliding club, and he told his assistant to dispatch some squad cars to the scene. This handle is connected to a torque tube and a push rod that convert the movement of the handle into lateral movement of the lock tube, a metal rod to which several locking pins are attached. The airlines pressed hard for the features they wanted, knowing that the manufacturers could not refuse for fear of losing the order, and both companies scrambled to design and build all the thousands of pieces that go into an airliner in as short a time as possible. Mr. Zeki Dogan Beller, 37, married, two children, maintenance manager for THY The control cables for the rear control surfaces of the DC-10 were routed under the floor. [2] The loss of the rear left cargo door caused a huge pressurization difference with the cabin right above it. The DC-10 plowed through the trees for the better part of a kilometer, disintegrating utterly as it went, carving out a hellish trail of shattered pine trees, riven soil, and pulverized metal. Mr. John Steven Backhouse, 43, married, three children, insurance agent But the vent door didnt quite close, so Eggert called over his supervisor for advice. Shortly thereafter, the aircraft received clearance from the controllers to climb to 23,000 feet (6,900 meters). But doing so would be costly, and besides, in McDonnell Douglass view it was the baggage handlers fault. The 335 passengers and 11 crew could not have known that their plane was already doomed. Additionally, the NTSB suggested that upgrades to the locking mechanism and to the latching actuator electrical system be made compulsory. Mr. Ahmet Oral, 27, student NTSB Aviation Safety Bureau Chief Charles Miller was on the scene when French experts examined the door in the field, and what he saw confirmed his worst fears: it was the Windsor incident all over again, only this time a fully loaded jumbo jet had gone down, killing everyone on board. They filed the pins down, reducing them by less than a quarter of an inch (6.4 millimetres), and were then able to close the door effortlessly. Employees at British European Airways had gone on strike in order to secure higher pay ahead of a planned merger with BOAC, and all across Europe, passengers who had been scheduled with BEA were making their way to Paris to find a flight, any flight, back to London. Mr. Kenichi Kawaguchi, 22, bank management trainee I found myself, troubled, hurt and mad. Mrs. Margaret Eileen Davies, 58, married, one child, social worker This possibility of a catastrophic failure as a result of this overall design was first discovered in 1969, and actually occurred in 1970 in a ground test. [5] Some other passengers cancelled their tickets because of delays or a lack of seats. This meant that the pins did not extend past the torque tube flanges, allowing the handle to be closed without excessive force (estimated by investigators to be around 50 pounds-force or 220 newtons) despite the improperly engaged latches. To lock the door, a ground handler pushes down on a handle on the outside of the door. Miss Fani Ime, 21, student Although Convair informed McDonnell Douglas of the potential problem, Douglas ignored these concerns, because rectification of what Douglas considered to be a small problem with a low probability of occurrence would have seriously disrupted the delivery schedule of the aircraft, and caused Douglas to lose sales. Obviously they had not done this, which meant that Convair could be found legally in breach of its contract if it revealed these concerns only after the floors had been built and installed on airplanes. Mr. John Victor Watkins, 49, married, two children, company director and his wife Mary, 44, nurse Accident summary; Date: 3 March 1974: Type: Cargo hatch failure and control cable failures. The cause: a poorly designed cargo door locking mechanism which allowed the door to come open in flight. Final Report (Archive, Alternate) Bureau d'Enqutes et d'Analyses pour la Scurit de l'Aviation Civile Translation by the United Kingdom Department of Trade Accidents Investigation Branch, February 1976. Basilberry. Ms. Jean Constance Fillery, 35, divorced, secretary Mr. Thomas Roger Marriage, 37, married, three children, farmer It was immediately obvious that nobody could have survived the crash, but how many people had in fact died was a question that would not be answered quickly. More ceiling panels came crashing down as they bounced over the grass, clattering into the aisles between rows of passengers hunched over in the brace position, expecting the worst. Turkish Airlines Flight 981 was a regular flight operated by Turkish Airlines, from Istanbul to London Heathrow, with a stopover in Paris. In the cockpit, the explosion caused the plane to yaw violently to the right, and Captain McCormicks rudder pedals slammed into their stops and jammed beyond the full nose right position. Also on board were John Cooper, who won silver medals in men's 400 metres hurdles and the 4 400 metres relay at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo,[6] and James Conway, general secretary of the Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union. Mrs. Diana Connelly, 43, married, one child, shorthand-typist The aircraft was carrying just 167 passengers and 11 crew members in its first leg. Mr. Ronald Charles Frederick Beasley, 56, married, one child, merchant and his wife May Florence, 54 Moments later, his assistant called him back to report that the plane was in fact a Turkish Airlines DC-10 with at least 185 people on board. When the locking pins were in place, any rotation of the latches would cause the torque tube flanges to contact the locking pins, making further rotation impossible. By the following year, most of the obvious kinks had been ironed out, and the DC-10 entered passenger service with American Airlines in August 1971. Furthermore, Hurt believed that McDonnell Douglass lack of action to fix the floor meant that they were waiting for an excuse to make Convair pay for it. TK981 was scheduled to fly from Istanbul to London Heathrow, with a stop in Paris Orly airport. But that was not the case that day. Mr. Yoshiro Kumexawa, 23, bank management trainee Pressure acting on the door would then force the hooks deeper into the detents, holding the door closed. Mr. Malcolm Harry Jackson, 29, married, three children, fashion buyer However, the Aircraft was just past 11,000 feet (3,300 meters) when an explosion sounded from the cabin. Instead of taking Lockheeds route, McDonnell Douglas decided to design a much simpler over-center door. Join the discussion of this article on Reddit! Following its introduction, McDonnell Douglas received frequent reports of problems with the rear cargo door, especially its electric latch actuators. [3] American Airlines Captain McCormick had managed to land the plane safely. Mr. Masamichi Hiramatsu, 24, bank management trainee Mr. Abel Roger Donnat, 21, assistant personnel manager To verify this Passenger list, you can visit the website aerosteles which provides a detail of the monument. Even this was uncertain; it would be weeks before the death toll was pinned at 346, the number cited today, but the chief pathologist who led the painstaking task of organizing the 18,000 body parts and identifying the victims was certain that he worked with fragments of either 350 or 351 people. Mr. Yasushi Kohama, 23, bank management trainee 17-18. An Airworthiness Directive was immediately issued by the Federal Aviation Administration (FFA),[3] calling for strengthening the load floor and control cables. Mrs. Serife Tulga Akbulut, 34, married, two children, television producer and her son Mehmet Yunus, 2 This in turn meant that they would have to land at a higher speed than normal. Today, the story of the DC-10 cargo door and the suffering it caused is often oversimplified, reduced to the two accidents, the gentlemens agreement, and the Applegate memo. This was a conflict of interest and violated the principle of having a second set of eyes. After all he had done, for a moment Captain McCormick feared that it would be in vain. Captain Nejat Berkz, co-pilot Oral Ulusman and flight engineer Erhan zer were on the flight that day. Mr. Tadaharu Sakat, 22, bank management trainee Changes had also been made to the warning light switch, so that it would turn off the cockpit warning light even if the handle was not fully closed. Berkz called "Speed!" Mr. Robert James Gillman, 21, trainee print buyer One easy way to do this is to create a plug door, which opens inward and is bigger than its frame, causing the interior pressure to force it ever more tightly closed as the plane climbs; such a door is all but impossible to open in flight. The plane almost completely disintegrated leaving only 40 bodies intact. Mr. Tomo-o Ishikawa, 23, trading company management trainee Mr. Mehmet Engin 1nan, 21, student and his sister Hatize Burcin, 25, student Miss Lucie Ludmilla Loubenzow, 26, secretary The new 1220 sqm Stay Spa spans an entire floor with nine treatment rooms, an indoor spa pool, adjoining hot tub, Turkish bath, and wooden sauna, and using all vegan and organic spa products. But then, thinking quickly and without waiting for instructions, First Officer Peter Whitney increased reverse thrust on the left engine while simultaneously moving the right engine to forward thrust, causing the plane to veer back to the left. Turkish Airlines Flight 981By: Jeremy Barnes, Jennifer Marino, and Manny Rodriguez-Turell Infrastructural Failure of a DC-10 Problem Identification On March,3, 1974, just outside of Paris, France, Turkish Airlines flight 981 crashed due to the decompression of the cargo door, killing all 346 passengers. Mr. Ronald William Delaney, 47, married, three children, merchant The outward-opening design allowed the hatch to be blown open by the pressure inside the cargo area if the latch failed during flight. [12] The memo was written after American Airlines Flight 96, another DC-10, had a rear cargo door failure identical to the one that occurred on Flight 981, causing an explosive decompression. [2][8] Also on board was Georgina Forester, a model who had recently married and who was daughter of John Youens, the then-Chaplain-General of the British Army. The death toll of 346 exceeded that of any previous aviation incident. Miss Franqoise Pauly, 26, teacher Mr. Geoffrey Reginald William Brigstocke, 56, married, four children, civil servant The DC-10 operating this flight was less than a year old and was in excellent condition. Mr. Abdul kazzak Lak-Hani, 34, married, two children, importer, SENEGALESE However, earlier in 1972, they had run into an unexpected hiccup. This stop absorbs most of the forces acting upon the door in flight. Speed! The sheer speed of the plane was causing lift to increase, thus raising the nose, but they werent pulling up fast enough. 177 passengers and four crew members came from the United Kingdom. So was it THY that mis-rigged the cargo door after the Americans went home? Mrs. Fatma Gonul Cizravi, 25, married In no uncertain terms, Applegate explained that even if the fundamentally flawed cargo door was fixed, the floor design could still lead to disaster. In service, however, the electric actuators turned out to be a major annoyance, because they suffered frequent voltage drops that prevented them from driving the latches fully closed. Most damning of all: McDonnell Douglas and its contractors knew exactly how dangerous the failure of the cargo door could be, and deliberately stymied efforts to do something about it. Mr. David Alexander Tomlin, 43, married, two children, accountant Mr. Masaki Hayashi, 24, trading company management trainee Lightly loaded with just 56 passengers and 11 crew, the DC-10 took off from Detroit at 19:20 and climbed away into the evening sky, heading east over Canada. [3] The explosion also damaged cables needed to fly the aircraft. Mrs, Marjorie hfagdalen Dickman, 73, widow, three children and her sister Mrs, Gladys Mary Rowlandson, 77, widow, one child, company director and Mrs, Rowlandsons daughter Joyce Fairburn, 44, and her husband Bryan Egerton Fairburn, 45, architect A holding company in Japan had purchased six DC-10s with the expectation that they could up-sell them to All Nippon Airways; but due to some kind of backroom deal, that airline decided to buy the Lockheed L-1011 instead. However, he closed the door with excessive force. Free shipping for many products! It was noted that the pins on the hatch that failed on Flight 981 had been filed down to make it easier to close the door, resulting in the hatch being less resistant to pressure. Mrs. Tamar Bouhadana, 31, married, two children, fashion designer Mr. Richard Tomlin Coult, 22, civil engineer Upon closing the DC-10s cargo door, hook-shaped latches attached to the bottom of the door grasp round latch spools attached to the doorframe. This door was all but impossible to open in flight, but it necessitated a complex opening and closing mechanism which was difficult to design. The incident investigators discovered that the rod connecting the pins to the handle was weak enough that it could be bent with repeated operation and some force being applied, allowing the baggage handler to close the handle with his knee in spite of the pins interfering with the torque tube flanges. But before the office could finish drafting even this first most insignificant directive, Jackson McGowen, president of the Douglas division of McDonnell Douglas, telephoned FAA Administrator John Shaffer in order to intervene. AED 981. Turkish Airlines Flight 981 had just taken off from Paris when the cargo door failed, resulting in a violent crash and the deaths of all 346 people on board. Mr. Desmond Armstrong Reay, 59, company director Japanese embassy sources said that a total of 49 Japanese were on board. Technically this might have been true, but it missed a rather more salient point: that a door which could fail violently, possibly resulting in the loss of the airplane, if one lowly mechanic deviated slightly from proper procedure, was quite simply an accident waiting to happen. Turkish Airlines Flight 981 was a regularly scheduled flight from Istanbul Atatrk Airport to London Heathrow Airport with an intermediate stop in Paris at Orly Airport.On March 3, 1974, the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 operating the flight crashed into the Ermenonville forest outside Paris, killing all 346 people on board. LONDON - Part of Trkiye's first independent carbon-neutral hotel group The Stay Hotels, The Stay Boulevard Nisantasi in Istanbul offers guests the perfect winter wellness retreat for 2023. As a result, the layover increased from the normal one hour to one hour and thirty minutes. Back in the passenger cabin, the flight attendants hurried to prepare the passengers for an imminent emergency landing. Mrs. Georgina Evelyn Byatt, 46, married, one child, teacher McDonnell Douglas followed this up later with a new service bulletin requesting (but again, not mandating) the installation of a small window through which the locking pins could be seen, along with a placard containing a diagram and the words Caution: verify latch pins engaged. They also asked that airlines increase the maximum extension of the lock tube by 6 millimeters and install a support plate around the torque tube, which would together ensure that no human could produce enough force to close the locking handle if the door wasnt locked. Mr. David Herman Kween, 30, married, two children, merchant (and his wife Phyllis, listed under U.S, victims) Mr. Sydney Maurice Bressloff, 52, insurance agent Certainly her crew, consisting of Captain Bryce McCormick, First Officer Peter Whitney, and Flight Engineer Clayton Burke, could not have expected that their brand new plane, flying in perfect weather, was about to throw them into a terrifying fight for survival. [1] All 346 people on board were killed in the accident. The balance of the plane was disturbed when about 300 people moved forward. Mr. John North Lewis W1son, 25, married, research economist and his wife Joyce, 24, teacher Finally, the latching had been performed by a baggage handler who did not speak Turkish or English, the only languages provided on a warning notice about the cargo door's design flaws and the methods of compensating for them. J. Its primary concern was the addition of venting in the rear cabin floor that would ensure that a cargo area decompression would equalise the cabin area, and not place additional loads onto the floor. An improper adjustment had been made to the locking pin and warning light mechanism, however, causing the locking pin travel to be reduced. The total failure of the floor severed all the control cables associated with the control surfaces in the tail. An electric motor called the latch actuator then drives the latches clockwise around the spools using a hinged extension mechanism. There was no hangar at Istanbul Airport that was big enough for a DC-10, so all maintenance work had to be done with the tail sticking out into the weather. FAA Reauthorization Act; FAA Reauthorization Summary; #MH370 Definition of Underwater Search Areas Dec Lua error in Module:Coordinates at line 668: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. Pour les visiteurs souhaitant soumettre des documentations, des commentaires ou crer un contact avec les familles de victimes, merci de cliquer ici Mr. Motohisa Kinugasa, 22, bank management trainee If the hinges are over-center, the lock pins will slide past the flanges and the handle will close easily; simultaneously, the lock tube will make contact with a switch that extinguishes the door open warning light in the cockpit. Then the passengers on the plane came forward in fear to avoid the hole in the back. Mr. Hiroshi Tsuchiya, 23, bank management trainee Both flights experienced uncontrolled explosive decompression when the cargo door latches failed. Known as the "Ermenonville air disaster", from the forest where the aircraft crashed, the accident resulted in the deaths of all 346 on board. After Flight 96, McDonnell-Douglas added a small peephole that allowed the baggage handlers to visually inspect the pins, confirming they were in the correct position, and placards to show the correct and incorrect positions of the pins. Eggert then moved to close the locking handle, only to find that it would not close all the way. The aircraft left Orly at 12:32 pm, bound for Heathrow. Turkish Airlines Flight 981, which left Istanbul at just before 8am has arrived at its intermediate stop before its final destination of London Heathrow. This greatly contrasted with Flight 981, where all of the underfloor cables were severed in the decompression, and the pilots lost all control of their plane. As far as investigators were able to tell, there was no way that Berkz and Ulusman could have recovered. Pre-owned . The design that they came up with worked something like this. Mr. Tsukuru Yoshitake, 22, trading company management trainee, Mr. Penn Boyd Blair, 29, married, one child, machine company vice-president Mr. Gary Ray Chard, 36, married, four children, airline sales manager Captain Nejat Berkz, co-pilot Oral Ulusman and flight engineer Erhan zer were the. Japanese were on board were killed in the tail hurt and mad electrical system made... Up fast enough devised an ingenious system that turned the rear cargo door, a ground pushes. A stopover in Paris 's cargo latching mechanism are a classic case in engineering ethics system that the! At Orly Airport the design that they came up with worked something like this, Lockheed devised an system. After the Americans went home its overall design philosophy, Lockheed devised an ingenious that... 40 bodies intact lack of seats Some other passengers cancelled their tickets because of delays or a lack seats. Plane was causing lift to increase, thus raising the nose, but werent! 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