Several species often hold their tails upright. Find out how different species in the state are coping with human development and climate change in the latestState of the Birdsreport. These heavily built birds have legs feathered to the toes. So if you see a small, green bird popping and out of a stick nest, then you can be reasonably sure its a Monk Parakeet. Of these, 25 species are now breeding in 23 different states. Though they do closely resemble the Hairy Woodpecker, another common Massachusetts woodpecker, Downys are noticeably smaller. Cookie Policy Wingspan: 7.9-9.1 in. If you would like to continue helping us improve Mass.gov, join our user panel to test new features for the site. You may like: When to Put Out Hummingbird Feeders in Each State. The silky-flycatchers are a small family of passerine birds which occur mainly in Central America, although the range of one species extends to central California. Note the green body, dark wingtips, light beak, dusky blue-grey nape, and bright red forehead. This gives the illusion that they are migrating out of the state, but in most cases they stick around through the winter. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Troglodytidae. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings, and a short bill with a wide gape. That is so cool, I LOVE parrots! Remember, if you care, leave them there! Their cheeks are solid white, their wings and backs are blackish gray, and their underbodies are fluffy and light. Another hint: Look for a nest. A feral parrot is a parrot that has adapted to life in an ecosystem to which it is not native. Wingspan: 7.1-9.8 in. Wingspan: 8.3 in. This reimbursement does not apply to birds that die of the disease, so it is essential that flock owners notify the Department immediately upon signs of trouble. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Ptiliogonatidae. White-breasted Nuthatches are found year-round throughout Massachusetts and are common backyard birds. Gray Catbirds are found throughout Massachusetts during the summer, and some may stay year around on Cape Cod. Monk parakeets have been known to be a nuisance to humans; they often nest on electrical transmission poles, telephone poles and electrical transformers, which can cause fires and power-outages. During this period they are mostly yellow, or gold, with black-tipped wings and males have a black cap on top of their heads. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. Weight: 1.1-2.7 oz Audubon staff reviews the data before it is made public. Unless otherwise noted, all species listed below are considered to occur regularly in Massachusetts as permanent residents, summer or winter visitors, or migrants. Nine species have been recorded in Massachusetts. Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. This species was historically placed in the wood-warblers (Parulidae) but nonetheless most authorities were unsure if it belonged there. About the size of a robin, Mourning Doves are very common in backyards and will often sit perched on telephone wires or in groups in trees. The risk of humans contracting HPAI from infected birds if very, verylow. Wild aquatic birds including gulls, terns, and shorebirds, and wild waterfowl such as ducks, geese and swans are considered reservoirs (natural hosts) for bird flu viruses. The male of the species uses his song to attract females as well as to defend his territory. As Ryan F. Mandelbaum reports for, It is no secret that feral parrot populations exist in the U.S. Learn more about what each of these locations has to offer from birdwatchersdigest.org. Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans with exceptionally long central tail feathers. As of September 2021, there are 510 species included in the official list. They are wild animals that belong in the . If you need assistance, please contact the Massachusetts Department of Agricultural Resources. Remember that parrots are hard: Dont get discouraged. Order: FalconiformesFamily: Falconidae. Although many strains of avian influenza can cause varying degrees of illness including respiratory illness, decreased feed consumption or decreased egg production, this particular outbreak has generally caused birds to die without any other signs of illness. Nine species have been recorded in Massachusetts. Occurred in western Massachusetts, east to central and northern Worcester County. As they werent able to catch them all, they proliferated and are seen often. Like the European Starling, House Sparrows are invasive and pose a threat to native species. They have a plain white break with an area of pinkish red lower down in their belly area which is often not visible. They live on insects in summer and berries in winter. Fourteen species have been recorded in Massachusetts. They are strong, acrobatic fliers. Titmice will visit most seed feeders, offer them mixed seed blends and black sunflower seeds. Any unexpected deaths or other signs should be reported immediately to the Division of Animal Health at 617-626-1795 or through thisonline reporting form. Males have a black mustache. Whether or not this species counts as native depends on who you talk to. Their long wings have black markings, as does the head. They have several loud, metallic sounding calls, and will often be among the first to alert all the birds in the area of a predator such as a hawk. Two species have been recorded in Massachusetts. One species has been recorded in Massachusetts. They get the name catbird from their calls that somewhat resemble that of a meowing cat. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Scientific name: Zonotrichia albicollis Storks lack a pharynx and are mute. Five species have been recorded in Massachusetts. Either way, they lack the super bright orange and dark glossy black of the males. Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey, notably the falcons and caracaras. The global transportation of wild ring-necked parakeets in addition to in-country breeding, has led to their successful establishment outside their native range. Though they are invasive to the eastern U.S., they are not universally hated like other invasive birds such as House Sparrows or European Starlings. Two species have been recorded in Massachusetts. Eleven species have been recorded in Massachusetts. Once found in the east and midwest, Carolina Parakeets went extinct in 1918, likely due to widespread deforestation and direct hunting. One source claims there are 2,059 species in North America, another older source says there are just 914. Starlings can also be a purple and green iridescent color and in the right light can actually be quite pretty. Not only that, but native plants foster caterpillars and other insects that feed many birds and support nesting birds since most songbirds feed insects to their hatchlings. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. New Jersey havent seen any. Discover the birdsand bird behaviorsmostcommonly encountered in Massachusetts. In general, sparrows tend to be small plump brownish or grayish birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. The plumage of several species is dark with a metallic sheen. 11 Winter Birds In Massachusetts. They have long, broad wings. The Tufted Titmouse is common all year in Massachusetts. Like starlings, they were introduced in New York in the 1800s and have since spread across our country like wildfire. HPAI is a deadly disease for poultry. Thank you for your website feedback! Males have bright red feathers and a black mask, females have duller colors and are more pale brown with some reddish coloring. If you are a Massachusetts resident and would like to add some new species to your life list, then take a look at this list Ive compiled some popular birding locations in Massachusetts. Salmonella. In 2003, an award-winning documentary The Wild Parrots of Telegraph Hill followed a homeless musician and his relationship with the neighborhood flock of feral parrots. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks. Either that, or the 17+ hours of jetlag are causing me to hallucinate. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Weight: 3.9-5.6 oz Massachusetts is a wonderful state for birding if you want to take the hobby outside of your own backyard. In the wild, parakeets roost together in trees. Today parakeets are found throughout California, Arizona, Texas, Florida and some are even found in New York City. (The last captive bird, named Incas, lived and died in the same cage as Martha, the famed last Passenger Pigeon.). Wrens are small and inconspicuous birds, except for their loud songs. Two species have been recorded in Massachusetts. They are very small insectivorous birds. Scientific name: Junco hyemalis Wingspan: 7.5-9.8 in. These birds have very large powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight. Eastern Bluebirds are among the most common sought after birds to attract to birdhouses. Wingspan: 9.8-12.6 in. These medium to large sized woodpeckers are quite common in backyards throughout the United States, though not extremely common at feeders. They have stiff tail feathers, like woodpeckers, which they use to support themselves on vertical tree trunks and limbs. Three species have been recorded in Massachusetts. As with many galliform species, the female (the hen) is smaller than the male (the tom) and much less colorful. Weight: 3 - 6.3kg. Feral parrots are common in Californias other major cities. Note: Birds marked with (*) are not identified to species, but are distinct enough to be considered as a separate entry. Loons are aquatic birds, the size of a large duck, to which they are unrelated. Conservation science, field reporting, and cool creatures. Ongoing, routine testing of wild birds and domestic poultry is being conducted and to date no HPAI has been found within Massachusetts. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails, and powerful bills and feet. One species has been recorded in Massachusetts. But since there are no standardized surveys of non-native parrots species in the country, citizen science databases are a good starting point, the researchers maintain. Records of parakeets living wild in the UK can be found going back to the mid-nineteenth century, but it is only since the late 1990s that the raucous green parrots have been seen in London and southeast England in significant numbers and started to settle elsewhere in the country. This is called the slate-colored variety. Unfortunately they can be prone to a transmittable eye disease, so that is something to keep an eye out for at your feeders. Wingspan: 11.4 in. Most species are year-round residents and do not migrate. Their tree of choice seems to be the eucalyptus. They are mostly brown in color, with some black and brown streaking on their wings and buffy chest. Cant get enough of the parrots,parakeets. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like. In the US, Nandays are found throughout central and southern Florida, and in Californias greater Los Angeles and Orange County regions. Cranes are large, long-legged, and long-necked birds. I work at a non-profit bird sanctuary that originated in Mass., now in RI and we have an aviary full of them. Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Hydrobatidae. Justine E. Hausheer is an award-winning science writer for The Nature Conservancy. The icterids are a group of small to medium-sized, often colorful passerine birds restricted to the New World and include the grackles, New World blackbirds, and New World orioles. Scientific name: Melanerpes carolinus Order: PasseriformesFamily: Passerellidae. 2023 Smithsonian Magazine As yet, there is no evidence that introduced parrots are detrimental to native bird species, though more research into this topic is needed. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Motacillidae. database run by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, which allows birders to enter sightings from any trip. Two species have been recorded in Massachusetts. So Im not sure how much I trust these numbers, but they do give us a rough idea of the number of species. Orioles love sweet things, put out an oriole feeder and offer them jelly and orange halves to attract them when theyre in town. It is no secret that feral parrot populations exist in the U.S. Lets get to it! Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Procellariidae. As natives of the New World tropics, Monk Parakeets may seem out of place in the Commonwealth. And lastly, if you can, try to note the size (chunky or dainty) and color (light or dark) of the bill. Order: CaprimulgiformesFamily: Caprimulgidae. They move around but they love to announce their arrival as they are quite loud squawkers! Please do not include personal or contact information. 8. Wingspan: 180 - 250cm. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners, and anis. Their wings are what really makes them easy to identify though, with the white and black barring. of them. Scientific name: Poecile atricapillus An official website of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, March 3, 2022:Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) has been detected in wild birds in Massachusetts. Updated 7/20/21. But the next day, now well rested, I see them again a flash of green and gold in the hazy sun. Northern Mockingbirds are found throughout the state of Massachusetts year-round. Forty-eight species have been recorded in Massachusetts. Dark-eyed Juncos can be found throughout Massachusetts during the winter, and some may stay year-round in western parts of the state. Weight: 0.4-0.7 oz Scientific name: Dumetella carolinensis Length: 6.7-9.1 in Due to the mixing of birds from different flyways up through Canada, it is likely that exposed birds will be found in the Atlantic Flyway during the current southern migration. It can infect all types of chickens, turkeys and many other kinds of birds. Then, you will have time to get a towel or have him step up. Here are our tips for making your ID: Get a good bird guide: We recommend the Sibley (second edition) for its superb illustrations of most of the common feral parrot species. We call them the Burbank Parrots. Weight: 0.8-2.0 oz Two species have been recorded in Massachusetts. The wild parrots have called Chicago home for decades, but they're only now popping up in Portage Park and neighbors love it. Grouse inhabit temperate and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Treecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. Mourning Doves are found all year throughout the whole state of Massachusetts. Harold Washington, the first African American mayor of Chicago, once lived across from the Hyde Park monk parakeet colony, and affectionately came to view them as a good luck talisman. After Washington died in 1987, wildlife officials tried to remove the parrots, but the effort came to a halt when the public banded together and threatened a lawsuit. A bald eagle's plumage consists of dark brown around its wing and body, with white feathers on its tail and . Order: PasseriformesFamily: Cardinalidae. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Bombycillidae. Despite its small size, Massachusetts hosts more than 300 different species of birds each year. Like a parakeet, that says what he knows but doesnt know what he says. Spanish proverb. Nine species have been recorded in Massachusetts. Green Cheeked Parakeet. These little birds are very common at feeders and in backyards within their range. The Calcariidae are a group of passerine birds that have been traditionally grouped with the New World sparrows, but differ in a number of respects and are usually found in open grassy areas. Twenty-five of these species showed signs of breeding in 23 different states. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak, and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects. The New World vultures are not closely related to Old World vultures, but superficially resemble them because of convergent evolution. Later, both my colleague and my Sibley bird guide confirmed that I had indeed seen a Yellow-chevroned Parakeet, one of several that have established breeding colonies amid the skyscrapers and urban sprawl of LA. A lock icon ( It sounded like a parrot to me, but I havent seen any. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base. They lack the powder down that other wading birds such as herons, spoonbills and ibises use to clean off fish slime. Length: 6.3-7.1 in Wingspan: 12.2-15.8 in. Keep sending pics While they will occasionally visit bird feeders, they do not typically eat seeds. If you look closely, they also have a little bracelet of red feathers the bottom of each leg. Scientific name: Melospiza melodia In this article well take a look at some of the most common and well-known Massachusetts birds, especially those that can be found close to home. Weight: 0.7-1.0 oz They are slender ground-feeding insectivores of open country. Regardless of season, several traits about goldfinches remain constant. Orioles are fruit eating birds and like dark colored berries and fruits. The Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. March 3, 2022:Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) has been detected in wild birds in Massachusetts. Red-eyed Vireos can be found throughout Massachusetts in the spring and summer. Order: AccipitriformesFamily: Accipitridae. New birds should be completely isolated for at least one month prior to being added into the flock. Humans thatare most at risk of becoming infected are individuals that have prolonged close contact with sick or dead birds. One species has been recorded in Massachusetts. Rescue birds are usually captive bred and much more amenable to home life. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang. Most wild birds infected with bird flu viruses are asymptomatic (i.e., do not exhibit signs or symptoms of illness). (The last captive bird, named Incas, lived and died in the same cage as Martha, the famed last Passenger Pigeon.) These strains of the HPAI virus that have been identified in the USdomestic poultry population in 25Midwestern, Western, and Southern states over the past few years havenot been found to affect humans. Please limit your input to 500 characters. Another very well-known bird species in North America and the U.S. is the Blue Jay. If your backyard has native fruit-bearing trees and plants you have a good chance of attracting Baltimore Orioles. One record from western Massachusetts prior to 1835. You may be able to attract catbirds if you offer some fruits, berries, and other sweet things but they prefer to forage on the ground or in bushes for food. Two species have been recorded in Massachusetts. Many species of birds will readily take up residence in birdhouses if put out in the right spot at the right time of year. A few individuals all that remained of once massive flocks of colorful, noisy native parakeets . Most established populations are found in the southern end of the peninsula, and birders have sighted more than 35 species in Miami-Dade county alone. Song Sparrows are present in Massachusetts all year. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Calcariidae. White-throated sparrows readily visit feeders and like to pick up fallen seed below feeders. Now 70 years later, the Monk Parakeet is the most abundant feral parrot in the country. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers. Nonetheless, at many locations in the American Northeast, feral populations of Monk Parakeets have become fairly well established, with Connecticut and New York both harboring substantial populations. Some say that the populations in the Rio Grande Valley are the product of both escapee pets and wild birds, others disagree. As yet, there is no evidence that introduced parrots are detrimental to native bird species, though more research into this topic is needed. See updated information on the USDA HPAI Response Policy. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails, and strong legs. Order: CoraciiformesFamily: Alcedinidae. Fifteen species have been recorded in Massachusetts. Length: 4.7-5.9 in Among the most abundant birds in all of North America, male Red-winged Blackbirds are unmistakable because of their red and yellow shoulders that stand out amongst their black bodies. Wingspan: 13.4-16.9 in. Their food is insects and seeds. Length: 9.8-11.8 in They may not legally be taken from the wild or kept as pets. Northern Cardinals are among the most recognizable and common backyard birds in North America. Between 1984 and 2007 a staggering . In spring and summer, the male is canary-yellow with coal black wings, tail, and cap. HPAI can strike suddenly and spread fast. A program has been established by the USDA to compensate flock owners for any animals depopulated as part of the control efforts. The family Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. Scientific name: Baeolophus bicolor Length: 5.5-6.3 in Weight: 0.6-0.9 oz Wingspan: 7.9-10.2 in These little birds are very common at feeders and in backyards within their range. Wild migratory birds are natural carriers for HPAI. Increased numbers of wild bird deaths should be reported to the Division of Fisheries and Wildlife. A monk parakeet eats from a bird feeder in Portage Park. Northern Cardinals are found in Massachusetts year-round. European Starlings will eat almost anything. Weight: 0.1-0.2 oz But people nevertheless seem to like having wild parrots around. Carolina Wrens are found all year in the southern parts of Massachusetts but may be less common or absent in northern parts of the state. And now the bad news: Sorting out exactly which parrot species youve seen isnt always easy. Make sure that your yard has trees, bushes, and shrubs that the birds can dart back and forth to when they sense danger. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Short and wide or long and tapered? Red-bellied Woodpeckers live year round in Massachusetts, but may be more likely to be found in the southern portion of the state. Their wings and tail have black stripes. Offer them mixed seed, black sunflower seed, and suet. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence. Wingspan: 7.9-10.2 in. more red-crowned Amazons in California than there are in their native habitats in Mexico. The gnatcatchers are mainly soft bluish gray in color and have the typical insectivore's long sharp bill. Complicating matters is the question of whether or not the bird deserves protection as an endangered species. The species was popular in the pet trade, and legend has it the U.S. feral populations started after a shipping crate. Weight: 2.7-3.0 oz Sign up for a program >, Discover over a dozen different bird species in this video series with Mass Audubon's Joan Walsh! Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds which includes the avocets and stilts. When you click and buy we may earn an affiliate commission at no cost to you. Their feet are four-toed and webbed. The first is the Christmas Bird Count, an annual survey facilitated by the National Audubon Society that recruits birdwatchers to catalogue any birds they see and hear between December 14 and January 15. Start watching >. Ive lived in San Diego which had parrots and now in the Ventura/LA county area that also has feral parrots. The species is occasionally sighted in Arizona and Texas. This is their main defense from predators. Some have crests. Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Haematopodidae. This species is now endangered in its native range, thanks to habitat destruction for agricultural and ranching uses, as well as illegal trapping for the pet trade. White-breasted Nuthatches get their name from the fact that they stuff nuts and seeds under tree bark, then use their sharp beaks to hatch the seed from the shell. Length: 2.8-3.5 in Wild parakeets, far from their native land, have taken a liking to London. Flickers feed mainly on insects and unlike other woodpeckers, often like to find them on the ground rather than trees. In the 1950s and 60s, tens of thousands of Monk Parakeets were imported to the US as pets. It was placed in its own family in 2017. Many have attractive songs. Just three species Monk Parakeet, Red-Crowned Parrot, and Nanday Parakeet make up 61 percent of all sightings reported on eBird and CBC over the last 15 years. Birds affected with salmonella can show ruffled feathers, swollen eyelids, or lethargy. Scientific name: Turdus migratorius Mass Audubon is a nonprofit, tax-exempt charitable organization (tax identification number 04-2104702) under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. As Ryan F. Mandelbaum reports for Gizmodo, a new study has found that 56 parrot species can be found across the countrythe result of pet birds escaping or being released into the wild. Chipping sparrows have their most crisp feathers in the summer, with a buffy gray breast, brown and tan streaked wings, rusty red cap, and a black line through the eye with white above. Downy Woodpeckers are found all year throughout Massachusetts. Please limit your input to 500 characters. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Fringillidae. I love all sorts of birds.Most are in my back yard. Scientific name: Spinus tristis Length: 9.1-13.4 in Advertising Notice Many of them were escaped pets, or their owners released them because they couldn't train them or they made too much noiseall the reasons people let pets go,, The teams report is based on observations from non-scientists, which are certainly not. Today, the vast majority of parrots sighted in the US are non-natives. They are often seen living in tall bushes and can often be quite aggressive of intruding birds. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more secretive. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects. )Either way, both birds are also established ferals elsewhere in the country. Phasianidae consists of the pheasants and their allies. Many pairs share the same nest, which can look like a mini beaver dam in the sky. Eight species have been recorded in Massachusetts. Second, pay attention to shape. Scientists thnk its possible that there are now more feral Red-crowned Parrots in the US than there are in their original habitats in Mexico. Inevitably, some escaped or were set free when their owners tired of a loud, messy, demanding, long-lived pet. These birds are notable for their vocalization, especially their remarkable ability to mimic a wide variety of birds and other sounds heard outdoors. During winter they will molt and their bright yellow fades out to a more dull brownish or olive tone. Details like a red forehead, blue under the wings, or yellow back will be critical to narrowing down your options. Infected poultry may die within hours of becoming infected. 1. When the parakeet comes inside to the feeder, close the door (to the house). Mockingbirds get their name from their ability to mimic the songs of other species of birds. The monk parakeet is one of 25 tropical parrot species that have gone from pet to wild animal across 23 U.S. states. But people nevertheless seem to like having wild parrots around. Eight species have been recorded in Massachusetts. Males are mostly streaked brown in color with some red on the head and chest, females have no red coloring. Order: PodicipediformesFamily: Podicipedidae. The best and most obvious way to attract birds to your yard is to put out a bird feeder or two. Massachusetts Department of Agricultural Resources, MDAR issues Animal Health Order 958-AHO-22, USDA APHIS | USDA Confirms Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Massachusetts, Wyoming, North Carolina, Ohio and North Dakota, Frequently Asked Questions About Avian Flu, contact the Massachusetts Department of Agricultural Resources. Like Cardinals, they have a small crest (mohawk) that helps you tell them apart from other birds. American Goldfinches are small (5") seed-eating birds with short, pointed, conical bills and wings that are noticeably darker than their bodies. American Crow (44 total: 1, California; 1, Colorado; 1, Kansas; 1, Massachusetts; 1, Michigan; 6, Minnesota; 1, New . So lets take a look at 27 backyard birds in Massachusetts and learn a little about each species. Scientific name: Cyanocitta cristata Juncos will sometimes visit feeders, but typically prefer to eat seed from the ground underneath your feeders that other other birds are dropping. With wingspans of 1.51.8 meters (almost 6 feet), the turkeys are the largest birds in the open forests in which they live and are rarely mistaken for any other species. 2023 The Nature Conservancy. The Eastern Bluebird can be found in Massachusetts year round. The Thick-billed Parrot, though not extinct, is now only found in Mexico. To determine whether a species was established in the U.S., the researchers looked for two criteria: signs of breeding and at least 25 sightings of the species during the period of study. One species has been recorded in Massachusetts. For the purposes of this article we are just going to look at some of our favorite backyard species found in Massachusetts. Most, but not all, are rather plain. March 30, 2022 -USDA APHIS | USDA Confirms Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Massachusetts, Wyoming, North Carolina, Ohio and North Dakota. The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly but not exclusively in the Old World. Experts flag atypical entries and consult with users to make sure that the sightings are accurate.
What Does The Name Killian Mean In The Bible,
Tribute To A Mother In Twi,
Camel Funeral Home Belle Glade, Fl Obituaries,
How Does Penelope Sense Of Devotion And Faithfulness Affect,
Articles A