Neurotransmitters. Stimulants increase ones alertness and attention and are frequently used to treat ADHD. Influenza epidemics, caused by viral infections (for more on influenza, please see the following: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719), have also been linked to schizophrenia (Brown et al., 2004; McGrath and Castle, 1995; McGrath et al., 1994; Ocallaghan et al., 1991) though more recent research suggests this evidence is weak at best (Selten & Termorshuizen, 2017; Ebert & Kotler, 2005). 132. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. These therapies have proven efficacy for the treatment of depression (Kalibatseva & Leong, 2014) and schizophrenia (Naeem et al., 2015). Anti-anxiety medications help with the symptoms of anxiety and include benzodiazepines such as Clonazepam, Alprazolam, and Lorazepam. b. b. control biological factors by focusing on behavior. Recall that a neuron is usually at resting potential and polarized. 3. Hormones are important to psychologists because they manage the nervous system and body tissues at certain stages of development and activate behaviors such as alertness or sleepiness, sexual behavior, concentration, aggressiveness, reaction to stress, and a desire for companionship. c. working to change unacceptable thoughts. d. brain circuits. None of the models are complete within themselves. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freuds-patients-serial/201201/bertha-pappenheim-1859-1936. Models aid us with doing all of this. Bacterial and viral infections. c. existential. Both groups were frustrated when deprived of the coveted toy. c. abnormality arises from an interaction between predisposition and stress. If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to: a. point out the clients misconceptions. Second, the participants in his studies were not representative of the broader population. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. What we would call conscience is MOST like what Freud would call the: a. defense mechanism. Which of the following is NOT influenced by the paradigm to which an investigator subscribes? 141. c. operant conditioning. As such, we will need to establish a foundation for how communication in the nervous system occurs, what the parts of the nervous system are, what a neuron is and its structure, how neural transmission occurs, and what the parts of the brain are. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. Another respondent conditioning way to unlearn a fear is called flooding or exposing the person to the maximum level of stimulus and as nothing aversive occurs, the link between CS and UCS producing the CR of fear should break, leaving the person unafraid. Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? 71. The cognitive model of panic disorder focuses on misinterpretations of. How does the existential perspective approach psychopathology? c. client-centered d. existential, 125. Unconditioned means unlearned. Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. a. Charlotte feels a knot in her stomach when she enters a hospital to visit an ailing aunt. E. Regarding the diathesis-stress model, which of the following statements is false? In terms of what is being reinforced, we will either reinforce responses or time. c. mitigate unacceptable impulses. The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning, according to: a. cognition-focused therapists. According to the behaviorists, disordered behavior is a result of _____________. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. The peripheral nervous system consists of everything outside the brain and spinal cord. Biological psychologists or neuropsychologists treat the underlying problems in the. The ego attempts to mediate the desires of the id against the demands of reality, and eventually, the moral limitations or guidelines of the superego. Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? First, Freud made most of his observations in an unsystematic, uncontrolled way, and he relied on the case study method. Evaluating the humanistic and existential perspectives. Abnormal behavior arises when we avoid making choices, do not take responsibility, and fail to actualize our full potential. c. deep brain stimulation. d. Genes do not interact with the environment. Which is NOT a goal of group therapy? Nikolais grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. Behaviorism has also been accused of being mechanistic and seeing people as machines. d. development of sociopathic tendencies. Before the race begins, she thinks, "I won't be able to do this!" 36. The most common types of antidepressants are SSRIs or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and include Citalopram, Paroxetine, and Fluoxetine (Prozac). A patient has social anxiety disorder. a. Neurotransmitters are released. What is learning and what forms does it take? 74. a. psychoanalysis. d. The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. Behaviors and thoughts may influence the development of psychological disorders. a. cognitive-behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 10. The goal of therapy is to wean patients from their childlike dependency on the therapist. d. cognition-focused. Likewise, if our action leads to dissatisfaction, then we will not repeat the same behavior in the future. The information is received by brain structures (central nervous system) and perception occurs. This thought is an example of: a. depression. d. This model requires the therapist to predict abnormal behavior in individuals. A girl values her self-worth even when she fails at something. See Figure 2.4 below. These medications fall under five major categories. Clarify how multicultural factors affect mental illness. As opposed to the medical model, which emphasizes mental illness as . The last part of the personality to develop is the superego, which represents societys expectations, moral standards, rules, and represents our conscience. What is learning? Where do you sit in class, if you are on a physical campus and not an online student? Finally, psychoanalytic treatment is expensive and time consuming, and since Freuds time, drug therapies have become more popular and successful. Mind Reading Assuming others know what you are thinking without any evidence. a. the humanistic-existential model b. the family-social perspective c. the cognitive model d. the psychodynamic model, 11. d. It focuses on educational goals rather than therapeutic purposes. This process is called counterconditioning, or the reversal of previous learning. c. explain the connection between religious practices and mental health. Neurotransmitters will only bind to their specific receptor sites, much like a key will only fit into the lock it was designed for. Throughout this book, we will discuss several treatment strategies used to change unwanted, maladaptive cognitions, whether they are present as an excess such as with paranoia, suicidal ideation, or feelings of worthlessness; or as a deficit such as with self-confidence and self-efficacy. In the business setting, a model or trainer demonstrates how to use a computer program or run a register for a new employee. a. religion causes people to deal better with the challenges of life. You might say neurotransmitters are part of a lock-and-key system. c. irrational patterns of thinking. Gender is not a cause of mental illness, though differing demands placed on males and females by society and their culture can influence the development and course of a disorder. Please note that we will not cover this process in full, but just the parts relevant to our topic of psychopathology. Key features of the perspective include a belief in human perfectibility, personal fulfillment, valuing self-disclosure, placing feelings over intellect, an emphasis on the present, and hedonism. b. a distorted view of the self. Western society was in turmoil in the 1960s and 1970s, which led to the rise of humanistic and existential therapies. SAD occurs with greater frequency for those living far north or south from the equator (Melrose, 2015). What is this therapy? The perspectives do offer hope to people suffering tragedy by asserting that we control our destiny and can make our own choices. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. Anti-anxiety medications such as benzodiazepines are effective in relieving anxiety and take effect more quickly than the antidepressant medications (or buspirone) often prescribed for anxiety. This could be a single factor such as a chemical imbalance in the brain, relationship with a parent, socioeconomic status (SES), a fearful event encountered during middle childhood, or the way in which the individual copes with lifes stressors. The force that is in control in this example is the: The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a person's head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: Abnormal chemical activity in the body's endocrine system relates to the release of: During a meeting, Shonda's manager asks her to free associate about her coworker's performance. b. family structure and communication. A self-help group differs from group therapy in that the self-help group: A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: Which phrase would one be MOST likely to hear in a self-help group? The somatic nervous system allows for voluntary movement by controlling the skeletal muscles and carries sensory information to the CNS. d. cognitive-behavioral. a. behavior-focused Abnormal chemical activity in the bodys endocrine system relates to the release of: a. hormones. b. humanistic-existential. The type of reinforcer or punisher we use is crucial. Which statement about paradigms is FALSE? b. exposure a. focused primarily on unconscious thoughts, instincts, and conflict. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: a. genetic make-up. b. people are naturally inclined to live positively. Maybe it changed to biweekly and I missed the email. Due to this endurance, we say that intermittent or partial reinforcement shows resistance to extinction, meaning the behavior does weaken, but gradually. b. anxiety disorders. The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: a. glia. This form of behavior therapy is widely used in clinical, business, and classroom situations. 26. It leads us to adopt our parents values as we come to realize that many of the ids impulses are unacceptable. b. ethnographic studies. The medical model definition is the concept of how mental and emotional issues are related to biological causes and problems. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. Exemplify the effect of attributions on creating abnormal behavior. Consider where students sit in a class. b. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). d. classical conditioning. In terms of psychological perspectives, Freuds psychodynamic theory; the learning-related research of Watson, Skinner, and Bandura and Rotter; the cognitive model; and the humanistic and existential perspectives were discussed. A patients initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. Evaluating the cognitive model. Which type of psychodynamic therapy encourages therapists to disclose things about themselves? This newer type of cognitive-behavioral therapy emphasizes recognizing problematic thoughts as thoughts rather than judging them, acting on them, or fruitlessly trying to change them. d. displacement. 2.3.1.1. What are the three parts of personality according to Freud? This is called observational learning and is contrasted with enactive learning, which is learning by doing. The biological model of psychology says that psychological disorders are caused by biological problems. d. use conscious thought as a means to decrease physiological signs of anxiety. Amelia has been told that her course of therapy is likely to take a year or more because it involves the reshaping of her personality and that takes many sessions. 12. During a meeting, Shondas manager asks her to free associate about her coworkers performance. Third, he relied solely on the reports of his patients and sought no observer reports. Describe the structure of the neuron and all key parts. Finally, respondent conditioning has several properties: 2.3.2.3. According to your reading on abnormal psychology, which term is defined as "the inability to perform in one or more important areas of functioning" and is a consideration in identifying the presence of a mental disorder? If we are not motivated to perform an observed behavior, we probably will not show what we have learned. We all have two copies of each gene, one inherited from our mother and one from our father. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: a. improving the clients interactions with others. a. losing the dog b. having the dream over and over c. feeling panicked in the dream d. feeling stress about her mothers illness. c. operant conditioning. Shonda responds by changing the subject. Theory focused on the behaviors people exhibit and the thoughts they have is usually described as: a. biological. Least difficult situations are handled first, followed by more difficult situations, all while rehearsing and mastering all the situations present in the hierarchy. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. 166. 84. The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning, according to: A therapist who describes her client as someone who has yet to fulfill his or her full potential, rather than as someone with a disorder, is MOST likely what kind of theorist? a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral. They also focus on life-enhancing experiences like relationships, love, caring, commitment, courage, creativity, power, will, presence, spirituality, individuation, self-actualization, authenticity, acceptance, transcendence, and awe. For more information, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy. But did you ever go to your grandparents house and grandma or grandpaor worse, BOTHtook pity on you and let you play your video games (or something equivalent)? Step 6 Please note that this process is cyclical. Outline the structure of personality and how it develops over time. Bertha (Anna O.) The nervous system. By pairing a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (bell and food, respectively), the dog will learn that the bell ringing (NS) signals food coming (UCS) and salivate (UCR). According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: a. challenging irrational cognitions. The body has two coordinating and integrating systems, the nervous system and the endocrine system. He avoids visiting friends with dogs and crosses the street if he sees a person walking a dog coming his way. This therapist is MOST likely a(n) _____ therapist. Dont worry. In other words, they present themselves in a favorable light. a. guidelines. a. The psychologist credited with paving the way for psychologists to practice psychotherapy is: The psychologist who is said to have made it possible for psychologists to do psychotherapy is called "the pioneer." a. to lessen the power of thoughts b. to stop the client from comparing himself or herself to others c. to decrease internal negative self-talk d. to increase awareness of why the client behaves a certain way. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord; the former we will discuss briefly and in terms of key structures which include: Of course, this is not an exhaustive list of structures found in the brain but gives you a pretty good idea of function and which structure is responsible for it. Module Overview. The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the: A. Cognitive model B. Humanistic model C. Behavioral model D. Biopsychosocial model E. psychodynamic model. There are two forms: classical conditioning, or linking together two types of stimuli, and operant conditioning, or linking together a response with its consequence. According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? a. humanistic In fact, behaviorism said psychology was to be the study of observable behavior. a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. sociocultural d. psychodynamic, 7. b. existential. a. psychodynamic b. multicultural c. cognitive d. humanistic. d. psychodynamic. c. psychodynamic-gestalt. According to cognition-focused therapists, which is a factor in abnormal behavior? b. unconditional self-regard. As you can learn desirable behaviors such as watching how your father bags groceries at the grocery store (I did this and still bag the same way today), you can learn undesirable ones too. Figure 2.2. 160. The biopsychosocial model (BPS) was first proposed by George L. Engel and Jon Romano of the University of Rochester in 1977. In the case of men. Describe how psychological perspectives explain mental illness. a. an actual symptom b. the community mental health system c. labeling d. communication. This is known as Cognitive processes cannot be empirically and reliably measured and should be ignored. d. special external pressures faced by members of a culture. Participants have similar issues. A psychologist believes that all dysfunctional behavior is due to past experiences, and that no symptom or behavior is accidental. The major multidimensional model that is useful in understanding the causes of mental disorders is usually called the biopsychosocial model (BPS). Watson and Rayner (1920) conducted one of the most famous studies in psychology. Key Components of Reinforcement Schedules. d. humanistic. c. Its use is controversial because it requires surgical implantation of electrodes. Our life instincts, or Eros, are manifested through it and are the creative forces that sustain life. This is an example of behavior modification using: We must try to convert what we see into action. also play a role, and this is the basis of the sociocultural model. The cat could escape the box and reach the food by manipulating a series of levers. Next, the children are placed in a room with several toys in it. d. bipolar disorder. Rogers did try to investigate his propositions scientifically, but most other humanistic-existential psychologists rejected the use of the scientific method. Continuous or partial? A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that: people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. c. psychoanalysts. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral . A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: a. genome mapping is a waste of time. d. The receiving neurons stop all firing. b. working through. Schemas and cognitive errors. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id, ego, and superego can result in a person becoming stuck at a developmental level. For communication, decide if the problem is related to speaking, listening, or both and then develop a plan for use in various interpersonal situations. 52. 2.2.3.2. With this knowledge, a plan is developed and consists of numerous strategies to act on one or all these elements antecedent, behavior, and/or consequence. More specifically, cognitive distortions/maladaptive cognitions can take the following forms: 2.3.3.5. d. classical conditioning. c. resistance. c. at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. Second, we must remember what a model does to imitate it. In her dream, she panics and looks for her dog everywhere. Brainscape helps you realize your greatest personal and professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient studying. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: a. ego theory. c. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. d. sociocultural. b. exposure therapy. a. depression b. Huntingtons disease c. social anxiety disorder d. schizophrenia. c. Each paradigm is complete in itself. c. There is limited research supporting biological causes of mental illness. Our focus will be on partial/intermittent reinforcement. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. For more on these techniques, visit http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/. 150. Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? The brain. What is that factor? 87. A therapist listens carefully to a client's words and then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. 2.3.3.4. Trauma, stress, and other extreme stressors are predictive of depression. d. One-fourth of all treated couples eventually separate or divorce. Another option to treat mental disorders is to perform brain surgeries. The parasympathetic nervous system calms the body. Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? You're likely receiving a message that encourages you to question your own interpretations and the accuracy of those interpretations. b. the evolution of adaptive and maladaptive behavior is fundamentally different. d. Bandura. d. fixation. In Chapter 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. The uni-dimensional model proposes a single factor as the cause of psychopathology while the multi-dimensional model integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. Postconditioning. Finally, does uncertainty always lead to a negative end? Source: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml. Stimulants are generally effective and produce a calming effect. Which conclusion can be drawn from this finding? c. emphasize health. c. psychosurgery. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. These words have no affective connotation to them, meaning they do not imply good or bad. Why? 2.3.2.5. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: a. rationalization. b. brain stimulation. b. modeling. We describe these as primary and secondary reinforcers and punishers. d. frustrating the client. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. Within the context of psychopathology, the behavioral perspective is useful because explains maladaptive behavior in terms of learning gone awry. Explain the need for a multi-dimensional model of abnormality. c. moderate to severe mental illness and a coexisting developmental disorder. This is in accord with what Freud called: a. reflex. There are times when we learn by simply watching others. What he discovered was the dogs would salivate even before the meat powder was presented. In a general sense, a model is defined as a representation or imitation of an object (dictionary.com). David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego, 38. Types include habituation, or when we simply stop responding to repetitive and harmless stimuli in our environment such as a fan running in your laptop as you work on a paper, and sensitization, or when our reactions are increased due to a strong stimulus, such as an individual who experienced a mugging and now panics when someone walks up behind him/her on the street. For more on the link between cortisol and depression, check out this article: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-athletes-way/201301/cortisol-why-the-stress-hormone-is-public-enemy-no-1. 30. However, she went to the restroom to change instead. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. In the case of depression, low levels of serotonin are responsible, at least partially. A therapist pays close attention to what their client has to say and then makes an effort to show accurate empathy and sincerity in their responses. Those in the field of abnormal psychology study people's emotional, cognitive, and/or behavioral problems.Abnormal behavior may be defined as behavior that is disturbing (socially unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive (or selfdefeating), and often the result of distorted thoughts (cognitions).. Several perspectives (models, approaches derived from data) and theories attempt to explain the . It is difficult to gain informed consent from individuals with mental illness. b. secondary prevention. c. the conscious mind. b. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do or say) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. Terms in this set (124) Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. c. extended psychoanalytic therapy. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. Twenty-two of the pairs are the same in both sexes, but the 23rd pair is called the sex chromosome and differs between males and females. Evaluating the behavioral model. A patient has loss of neurons in the cortex and the basal ganglia. 102. d. classical conditioning. ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. On the other hand, if we see a sibling constantly getting in trouble with the law, then we may not model this behavior due to the negative consequences. b. helping the client develop a stronger sense of self and rational thinking. We may think so, but a review of the evidence for and against this statement will show that it does not and reduce how threatening it seems. Finally, the sociocultural model indicated the role of socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors on abnormal behavior. The six models of abnormality are biological, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic-existential, sociocultural, and developmental psychopathology perspective. A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: a. unknown causes. All forget that there is no individual model that completely explains human behavior, or in this case, abnormal behavior, and so each model contributes in its own way. Second, the viewpoint that all human behavior is explainable in biological terms, and therefore when issues arise, they can be treated using biological methods, overlooks factors that are not fundamentally biological. 16. Once collected or sensed (sensation is the cognitive process of detecting the physical energy given off or emitted by physical objects), the information is sent to the brain through the neural impulse. In the case of respondent conditioning, stimuli exert complete and automatic control over some behaviors. a. starting treatment for a diagnosed mental health condition b. passing out educational materials that describe modifiable risk factors for mental illness c. providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed d. advocating for federal legislation that protects individuals mental health in the workplace. 99. b. multicultural. 85. The answer is yes and no, depending on whether we are talking about continuous or partial reinforcement. Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: a. authentic. Hence, this phenomenon is called spontaneous recovery.
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